پژوهش نامه تاریخ اجتماعی و اقتصادی
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 23، بهار و تابستان 1402)

Reza Shah's reign is considered a milestone in Iran's foreign developments. Reza Shah always wanted to create a balance between foreign powers and he considered modernization as one of the requirements of this path. Reza Shah's modernization programs targeted women as half of the society and reforms were made in this field. Hence, the West became the best model for women, and relations with other countries received the attention of the government and women activists. The main issue of the research is, what achievements have the presence of women in international arenas brought to women and the government? What effect has this communication had on the position of Iranian women? The current research, using descriptive and analytical methods and relying on documents and publications, aims to explain women's relations with other countries the holding of international women's congresses, and the impact of these interactions. The findings of the research show that the presence of women in the international arena helped to change the Westerners' view of Iranian women while achieving a suitable model for their own development. Also, the relationship of Iranian women with the women of other countries and the laws passed in the congresses were influential in improving the status of women, and Iranian women were influenced by the actions of Western women in their interaction with these countries in order to gain their individual and social rights.

In the chapter V of his book "Iran", William Haas has studied the moods of Iranians. On the other hand, the book "Ḵolqiāt-e Mā Irāniān" or "Our Characters, Iranians" by Mohammad Ali Jamālzādeh is considered to be one of the most important Persian works on the topic of the temperaments of Iranians. The present article examines the issue that Haas' views about Iranians' characteristics are reliable to a large extent. Based on this, the basic question of the current research is to what extent Haas' views on Iranians' temperaments can be compared with Jamālzādeh's views. From this point of view, the research method is of a comparative type, which seeks to find the differences and similarities of these views in the category of temperaments of Iranians. As such, six components have been extracted from the chapter V of Haas' book and used as a basis for comparing the temperaments of Iranians. The findings of this research show that Iranians' moods based on Haas' opinions can be adapted to Jamālzādeh's views in many cases.

The Iranian Women's Organization was established as a government institution in 1345 and its activities, in addition to helping and charity, were more focused on women and family affairs. With the awareness of women about the existence of this institution, branches were gradually established in other cities, each of them, according to the available facilities and abilities, engaged in attracting and becoming members of women. Isfahan was one of the cities that, since the establishment of the Iranian Women's Organization, began its activities widely in other cities. The current research, using the descriptive-analytical method and relying on the documents of the National Library and Documents Organization, newspapers and publications, tries to answer the question of what is the performance of Isfahan Women's Organization and especially the family welfare centers and various commissions consisting of volunteer women. they had? The results of the research show that the four units of kindergarten, legal affairs, health and family planning, and professional training, each based on their specialized field of activity, had effective measures in advancing the goals of the women's organization, and the professional training unit compared to other units The reason for generating income and employment was more successful. In addition, the activities of women volunteers of Isfahan Women's Organization in various commissions such as combating illiteracy, legal counseling in family relations, assistance and support in solving women's problems improved their situation. In addition to the above activities, women's cooperation with the municipality in dealing with the health of the urban environment and monitoring the price of goods led to the improvement of the urban situation of Isfahan.

In every society, according to human necessity and need, centers have been established for rest and leisure. In Iran, too, coffeehouses were built for this purpose from the Safavid era. This place became part of the urban fabric as a public place from then on. The nature of public space requires that people of different occupations and tastes come together in it. Gradually, the relationships between these people became stronger as a result of frequent visits, and they not only influenced each other’s personalities and ways of thinking, but also influenced the course of cultural developments in society. Of course, the presence of desirable people had constructive effects and consequently the presence of undesirable people had adverse effects on the type of behavior and etiquette of the people. Considering that coffeehouses were part of the influential public places in the Qajar era, this paper intends to examine some of the negative functions of coffeehouses by relying on sources and using descriptive-analytical method. Therefore, the main question of the paper is as follows. What negative functions can be attributed to coffeehouses in the Qajar era? The research data shows that coffeehouses were popular and attractive among different social classes in the Qajar era. Therefore, along with their positive functions, they were also a place for various social crimes. Social conflicts, drunkenness, gambling, sodomy and addiction were among the most important abnormalities that occurred in this place. In fact, the presence of undesirable people made coffeehouses a suitable place for all kinds of crimes and behaviors that challenged the moral rules of society.

The presence of women in social political movements of contemporary history began with influential movements such as the tobacco movement, and with the rise of constitutional developments, the presence of women in the movements of other cities expanded. The problem of this research is to investigate how the power of women and their presence in the social movements of the constitutional period? The purpose of this research, considering the historical discourses of the constitutional period, how is the presence and participation of women in social and political movements? On the other hand, the women of the elite who came from different parts of Iran in the interior of kings such as Naser al-Din Shah, by using influence on the king in the tobacco movement, were able to movement to have an effective role. In the continuation of the presence of women in the developments of the constitutional period, their influence and the presentation of their demands in various urban movements have been explained in this research. This research is analytical-descriptive. The results of the findings show that the movement of women in the tobacco movement and other women's actions during the constitutional period was accompanied by their hidden authority and influence within the power structure, and men's companionship with protesting women even appeared in very prominent military battles, and in the analysis of the theoretical foundations of power, women By using "open conflict" in the field of fighting against the government, they were able to influence the changes of the constitutional period in numerous models of sit-ins, protests and military battles.

Apart from external factors and subsidiary influential forces, five main social currents have been involved in the Iranian political scene in every historical event from the Constitutional Revolution to the coup d’etat of 1299/1921. Princes, nobility, and supporters of the monarchy; intellectuals and libertarians; leftists; tribal leaders and nomadic chiefs; and the clergy. These five forces, who were different in character and influence and had conflicting but sometimes converging agendas and interests, lived in competition and conflict for the most part but were able to maintain their existence toward the end of the Qajar dynasty in the Fall of 1304/1925. Since the situations of these actors and the influence of their positions in the process of ousting Qajar have not been accurately studied; then, the present study attempts to answer this question: what were the circumstances and the status of the major social currents in Iranian politics during the overthrow of the Qajar and which were more influential than others. Based on the mentioned topic and by using the method of historical analysis as a coherent scrutiny of the documents in the historical course of events, the research concludes that the clergy realized the prospect of fundamental changes sooner than the other actors and by strengthening its credibility through the re-emergence of the seminary of Qom and the migration of religious leaders to Iran from Karbala and Najaf achieved organized and balanced relations with Sardar Sepah during the transfer of power. Other currents, however, were less aware of the facts of the day and the nature of their fierce rival or had lost their credibility altogether -either had to surrender to the will of Reza Khan- or by the beginning of the process of changes, they couldn’t cope with the situation and gradually had to crawl into a corner.

Jiroft, which according to some researchers and archaeologists, is identical and tantamount to Mesopotamia civilization, has a rich context of admirable and valuable ancient materials. These materials, appeared out of the ground due to a flood in 2002AD, are sign of a culture of thousand years in this region of Iran, which could be said to have been dormant in this landscape for several millennia. These materials are regarded as relaters of ancient culture of the jiroft, that in case of being decoded, they have so many unsaid about mythological debates, rituals, beliefs and notions dominating on the society of their own period. Analyzing the three works containing the leitmotiv of palm tree, this study aims to conceive non-written language of culture of Jiroft by which, they assist in renovation of context and framework of this ancient culture. By using the descriptive-analytical method, observation of discovered works and relying on archeological data and library research, this study aims to analyze and portrait the leitmotiv of the palm tree in art of the Jiroft.

In order to overcome many internal and external problems, Shah Abbas I tried to use diplomatic measures in parallel with the use of repressive measures. Besides fending off foreign invasions and changing the structure of the bureaucracy, he acted to attract and depend on various elements of power in different regions of the country through family ties with them in order to create peace and stability in different dimensions and provide the ground for the elevation of the Safavid government. The present study, using library sources and with a descriptive-analytical approach, seeks to investigate and explain why and how political alliances influence the creation of centralist policies and structures during the period of Shah Abbas I, because Along with various political, military and social measures, Shah Abbas added the use of family ties to his set of measures to create political centralization and territorial integrity.

Technology, due to its importance and position, has a long history in human life. The division of civilizational periods into the Stone Age, metal, and industrial revolution reveals to some extent such importance and necessity. However, following the developments in Europe in the new era, the methods of acquiring science and technology gradually underwent fundamental changes. This, in addition to making the West superior in terms of welfare, economic status, military status, etc., gradually made the use of new technologies and products an inevitable necessity for other societies. The important point in traditional societies, including Iran, is that the use of new technologies is not a simple transfer, but because of its effects on political, cultural, social and other foundations, it has faced major challenges. Accordingly, the present study tries to investigate their role in the transfer of technology in Iran with descriptive-analytical method, using Geert Hofstede's theories and concepts in the field of cultural differences of societies.

Sports as a modern phenomenon was noticed after the constitutional revolution, which indicates the efforts of the constitutionalists to manage the country's affairs optimally, including sports and physical education. Laws related to sports in the parliament are among the electronic documents and part of the historical sources of the first category, sports events were also extracted from the historical sources of the first and the second category of history. In this research, by analyzing the content of the laws, using the qualitative content analysis method, the concepts and terms in the text of the laws were analyzed by inferring and revealing their hidden patterns and themes. For this purpose, coding, drawing a diagram and extracting categories were done with MAXQDA2020 software; The statistical population of content analysis, laws and legal rulings related to the issue of physical education in the parliament during the period of 1320-1285 and the total number of the sample was considered equal to the population. The results showed that the two categories of development of educational sports and development of championship and club sports include legislative policies. Holding sports competitions, setting up sports clubs, forming a football forum, building sports facilities, forming a physical training association and establishing sports clubs were the sports events that happened approximately between the mentioned years. Therefore, based on the analysis of the legal content of sports and its time matching with important sports events, the development space of modern Iranian sports was chronicled in this period of time.

cognition the quiddity of the Islamic city, its constituent elements and components requires a deeper study and exploration of concepts and terms used in historical and geographical sources and texts. Studying the evolution of urbanity in the Islamic world shows the formation of various types of cities in Islamic lands. One of the cities of the Islamic world are Rusāfas, which was mostly built near large cities in the first centuries of Islam. However, the history of the origins and evolution of Rusāfa and their use and how they are used is not well known. The present article tries to clarify the exact nature of Rusāfas and how they work and are used in the urbanity of the Islamic world. Based on this, it seems that Rusāfas are a type of Islamic cities with ancient (prime) origin and Islamic components and elements, and they mainly had security, military and entertainment functions. By studying geographical and historical sources and texts, examining important opinions and theories in the urban planning of the Islamic world, and using a descriptive-analytical method, this research will explain the nature and various functions of Rusāfas in the Islamic world.

Wisdom literature has a special place among Pahlavi texts due to the presentation of moral concepts. In this regard, the admonition text attributed to Azarbad MehrEspandan's from Mowbedān-mowbed of Shapur II era of Sassanid era contains interesting teaching points which was written with the aim of educating the generation. The present essay aims to analyze the didactic approaches of this text regarding women in the descriptive and analytical method and based on the available translations from the Middle Zoroastrian Persian sources and seeks to answer the question that; What were the teachings of Azarbad MehrEspandan's text regarding women and what factors influenced its content? The researches show that in the mentioned directive, women's education has been given special attention in the context of family and communal life. The findings of the research indicate that the educational approaches of women in the above-mentioned instruction are: 1. Paying attention to marriage and having children; 2. Education and acculturation; 3. Attention to the behavioral characteristics of shame and modesty; 4. Lack of trust in women. This means that even though Azarbad believes in providing education for women along with their children; But he considered women to be subordinate to men, who should be under the care of their husbands, and caution should be observed in relations with them. This attitude was influenced by the educational tradition before the Sassanid era, which was passed down from breast to breast, and in the oral education literature, women were placed in a lower rank than men, and it was confirmed in this text as well.

The extent of the etiquette and activities of the Iranian bureaucracy, its role and influence in the production of artistic and literary works, along with the interaction of poets and artists with the court of kings has extended the scope of court terms and elements to the literature. HafIz’s divan  is a clear example of this claim. The extent and manner of emergence and occurrence of those terms and elements, as well as his knowledge and purpose of using these elements and concepts in some of his poems is a worthy subject, but without sufficient attention. Therefore, this article focuses on them with a descriptive-analytical method approach. The findings show that Hafiz uses the terms and elements of the madness of the ministry, composition, resignation, and judgment while using its lexical and court term; often with the help of imagination and literary industries, he has created novel and magical readings and meanings of these concepts and elements. Hafez's familiarity with those terms and elements, mobility and flourishing of the local Persian bureaucracy, the preservation and continuation of those elements and families in Shiraz due to its protection from the Mongol invasion as well as reunion with the courtiers and the court of the sultans, benefit from the court's gifts and pension in the context and her attention to the inclusion of these terms and elements in her poems, has had a significant impact

Cyrus the Younger in his unsuccessful attempt to to get the royal throne and crown from his brother Artaxerxes II, enlisted a great body of mercenaries with help of his friend Greek officers. The study of these officers using the prosopography approach shows that the geographical origin of the absolute majority of them was the city-states located in the Peloponnesse Peninsula or the Peloponnessian League. The present article, in addition to proposing the hypothesis mentioned above, aims to analyze its reasons using a descriptive-analytical method and based on library sources. A survey of primary sources of that period shows that change in Darius II's diplomacy during the Peloponnesian Wars and in particular practical actions of Cyrus the Younger as ruler of Asia Minor caused quantitative and qualitative superiority of Peloponnesians among friends and mercenaries of Achaemenid prince.

Parliament as a modern social institution has a long background in Iran, relative to other middle eastern countries. After the constitutional revolution, women gain more influence in cultural, social political and administrative arenas, and this did not decline after the Islamic revolution, and even decreased in some levels. Women’s participation had major improvement in the fifth Islamic consultative assembly (1375-1379 SH) both in quantity and quality. In this period, female representatives number reached to 14. These representatives with some help from the others formed committees on women, youth and family issues, and expand lawmaking from these especial prospective. They helped improve the status of family and women, with active involvement in writing drafts, representing bills on the floor and inter-assembly duties. This research is trying to answer how female representatives of the fifth assembly made it easier for other women to participate in social activities. The paper is based on the hypothesis that they did these with discerning knowledge of their own status, and with supporting the social institutes, focused activities in the assembly, and passing or changing laws, worked to further women’s causes in the society.

Nazem-Al Islam kermani has had a prominent role in a historiography of the constitutional era and he is a member of modernist and constitutionalist scholars. Historian's journalistic job is an important factor for him to be closely involved in the process of events leading to the victory of constitutionalism and in his book to report political and social events from the time of Naser al-Din Shah to the 13th of Rajab in 1327 AH. With the historical method based on the descriptive-analytical approach, the present article tries to reflect the social discourse in the historiography of Nazim-Al-Islam Kermani. For the aim of that, the below question is proposed: What are the symbols of social discourse in the historiography of Nazim-Al-Islam? What are the symbols of the historian's social vision had on his historical method in reflecting the event of constitutionalism and the later developments? The results of this research shows that the subject, the centrality of the masses in the historian's historical vision and as a result of his attention to the institution of society and people, finding the roots of events and analyzing them, has made his historiography somewhat different from historiography before him. In fact, the historian tried to bring his historiography near to the social historiography by reflecting the social life of the society in different biological fields.